Unexplained Weight Loss In Older People Is Linked With Increased Risk Of Fractures

Unexplained rapid weight loss in elderly persons may indicate an underlying condition and be associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures, as well as a poorer long-term prognosis.

The understanding of factors that may contribute to rapid weight loss is limited, and current therapies include changing inefficient food and physical activity habits.

In a study of 929 older women, Edith Cowan University (ECU) Postdoctoral Research Fellow Dr. Cassandra Smith discovered that abdominal aortic calcification (AAC), a marker of advanced blood vessel disease, was associated with a higher likelihood of rapid weight loss. Rapid weight loss is defined as a more than five percent decrease in body weight within any 12-month interval over five years of observations.

"Rapid weight loss, when it occurs in older women can be a sign of bad things to come such as early institutionalisation, cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and pose a higher risk for falls and fractures," Dr Smith said.

During a five-year observation, 39.4 percent of the patients had rapid weight loss, which was associated with a 49 percent increase in the risk of dying in the next 9.5 years. This risk of dying increased to 87 percent in women who experienced rapid weight loss of more than 10 percent in a 12-month interval.

When looking at the one-in-two women that had moderate to extensive AAC, they were 36 percent and 58 percent more likely to have rapid weight loss over the five years. The results remained similar after adjusting for dietary factors, blood pressure and cholesterol. Importantly this link was still seen in women meeting protein energy and physical activity recommendations.
Dr Smith said the explanations for the relationship between AAC and rapid weight loss remained unclear. One hypothesis is that AAC could limit blood flow to the gut, which could affect the absorption of nutrients.

"This has the potential to change how we treat those older individuals who present with rapid weight loss," Dr Smith said.

"The traditional approach would be to increase protein and energy intake, but data is showing us that it could actually be a vascular disease that is driving that weight loss, in which case using the traditional approaches may not help with body composition."

"Given the poor outcomes commonly associated with rapid weight loss in older adults, AAC may be a tool to identify those older women with the highest risk. It also opens the door to an opportunity for cardiovascular disease risk screening and to consider disease in other vascular beds or organs that may be influencing body composition."

"The next steps of this research are to replicate these findings in other cohorts, to perform studies with blood flow measures and the capacity to track macronutrient absorption."

/ANI

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